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Primary Sources: - •
Tin concentrate (cassiterite, SnO₂) → Smelted into 99.5%–99.8% crude tin → Refined to high-purity ingots. - •
Recycled tin (secondary smelting) from scrap solder, e-waste, or alloys.
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Processing Steps: - 1.
Smelting: Reduction of tin ore/concentrate in furnaces (electric/blast). - 2.
Refining: Electrolytic or fire refining to remove impurities (Pb, Sb, Bi). - 3.
Casting: Molten tin poured into molds to form standard ingots.
- 1.
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Quality Checks: Impurity analysis (AAS/ICP) before casting.

